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Hoodia

Scientific Name(s): Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne. Family: Apocynaceae (dogbane)

Ordinary Name(s): Bushman's hat , queen of the Namib , xhoba (San)

Clinical Overview

Uses of Hoodia

Hoodia products possess been marketed worldwide for weight loss; however, there appears to be little quality control or protection of the endangered source plant.

Hoodia Dosing

There is no published research to support dosages of the herb.

Contraindications

No information is available.

Pregnancy/Lactation

There are no known concerns with pregnancy as well as lactation.

Hoodia Interactions

None well documented.

Hoodia Adverse Reactions

No adverse reactions possess been reported.

Toxicology

No toxicology data is available.

Botany

H. gordonii is a rare, succulent plant found in the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa. The leafless, swollen, spiny stem is similar to that of a columnar cactus, as well as is topped by showy, saucer-shaped flowers. The flowers emit a carrion-like odor that attracts pollinating insects. It is considered an endangered species because of the high potential for over-exploitation as well as is listed in Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna as well as Flora (CITES). Commercial plantations possess been established in South Africa to provide for anticipated demand for the plant, although the unhurried growth of the plant might make commercial cultivation difficult. 1 Hoodia was formerly in the Asclepiadaceae (milkweed) family, however it has recently been subsumed into the Apocynaceae (dogbane) family. 2 Other species in the genera Hoodia as well as Trichocaulon possess been claimed to possess similar biological activity to H. gordonii . 3

History

Hoodia was not well known to the Western world until recently. Ethnobotanical reports date back to 1796; however, Hoodia received little attention until a South African scientific project evaluated its appetite suppressant effects in 1963. 4 Modern techniques of structure analysis revealed the bioactive molecule P57 in the 1980s. As a result, a patent was filed by the Council for Scientific as well as Industrial Research (CSIR) in 1995 in South Africa. 3 At the alike time, a licensing agreement was signed between CSIR as well as the company. A sublicense was granted to Pfizer for further clinical development of P57, which Pfizer relinquished in 2003. In 2003, CSIR responded to criticism of its appropriation of San (southern Africa's oldest human inhabitants) indigenous knowledge by signing a memorandum of understanding with the South African San Council. That provided for benefit sharing of Hoodia royalties. 4 In the meantime, a thriving, apparently illicit, worldwide market has emerged that offers Hoodia herbal products as dietary supplements.

Chemistry

The active appetite suppressant principle of H. gordonii is P57, a pregnane steroid glycoside with 3 saccharides as well as a tiglate ester. 3 The details of structure elucidation possess not been published outside of the patent literature; however, a recent meeting presentation reported isolation of 13 oxypregnanes from H. gordonii . 5 Other presentations at this meeting disclosed methods for light layer chromatographic analysis of Hoodia , 6 polymerase chain reaction identification methods, 7 as well as microscopic identification. 8 A high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for analysis of P57 has as well as been reported. 9

Hoodia Uses as well as Pharmacology

There is a single published report concerning the pharmacology of Hoodia as well as P57. Intracerebroventricular injection of P57 into masculine rats reduced food intake 50% to 60% over a 24-hour period. Similar experiments with the aglycone or a subordinate analog had no effect, nor did intraperitoneal injections of P57. P57 was inactive against Na/K adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), despite having a structure with some similarity to the cardiac glycosides found in the alike plant family. 10 Investigators detected an increase in hypothalamic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content for rats on a common diet when P57 was administered intracerebroventricularly. Hypothalamic ATP levels dropped in untreated rats fed a hypocaloric diet; P57 reversed this reduction. 10 Thus, it appears that P57 might operate through normalization of hypothalamic ATP levels to produce anorexia.

The patent makes reference to an agonistic effect of P57 on the melanocortin-4 receptor 3 ; melanocortin-4 (MCR-4) agonists possess been considered as potential treatment for obesity by the pharmaceutical industry. 11 However, the intricate pharmacology of the melanocortin receptor family has made manipulation of this system difficult. The patent claims that MCR-4 receptor agonism regulates neuropeptide Y as well as increases cholcystikinin possess not been reported in peer-reviewed journals. 3

In addition, patents claim Hoodia products are useful in control of gastric acid secretion 12 as well as treatment of diabetes. 13

Dosage

Poorly documented clinical trials are reported to possess proof of concept for weight loss, 4 however scientific basis is lacking. There is no published research to support dosages of the herb.

Pregnancy/Lactation

There are no known concerns with pregnancy as well as lactation.

Interactions

None well documented.

Adverse Reactions

No adverse reactions possess been reported.

Toxicology

There is no documentation for the safety of Hoodia , although its demonstrated inactivity against Na/K ATPase mitigates concerns about the potential for cardiotoxicity. 10